日历（NSCalendar）

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//日历
static const NSCalendarUnit CalendarUnitYMD = NSCalendarUnitYear | NSCalendarUnitMonth | NSCalendarUnitDay;
NSCalendar *calendar = [NSCalendar currentCalendar];
//计算当月第一天
NSDateComponents *component = [calendar components:CalendarUnitYMD fromDate:[NSDate date]];
[component setTimeZone:[NSTimeZone timeZoneWithName:@"UTC"]];
component.day = 1;
NSDate *currentDateFirstMonthDay = [calendar dateFromComponents:component];
NSLog(@"%@", currentDateFirstMonthDay);

//计算当月最后一天
component.month++;
component.day = 0;
NSLog(@"%@", [calendar dateFromComponents:component]);

//计算相对日期
NSDateComponents *offsetComponent = [[NSDateComponents alloc] init];
offsetComponent.day = 50;
NSLog(@"%@", [calendar dateByAddingComponents:offsetComponent toDate:currentDateFirstMonthDay options:0]);

//日期对应的星期
NSArray *weekDaySymbols = [[[NSDateFormatter alloc] init] shortWeekdaySymbols];
NSDateComponents *dateComponents = [calendar components:NSCalendarUnitWeekday fromDate:currentDateFirstMonthDay];
NSLog(@"%@", weekDaySymbols[dateComponents.weekday - 1]);

//每个月的周数，iOS8以下使用NSWeekCalendarUnit代替NSCalendarUnitWeekOfMonth
NSRange rangeOfweeks = [calendar rangeOfUnit:NSCalendarUnitWeekOfMonth inUnit:NSCalendarUnitMonth forDate:currentDateFirstMonthDay];
NSLog(@"%ld", (long)rangeOfweeks.length);

//计算日期间的天数，通过修改NSCalendarUnit可以间隔的月、年等等
NSLog(@"%ld", (long)[calendar components:NSCalendarUnitDay fromDate:currentDateFirstMonthDay toDate:[NSDate date] options:0].day);

控制台输出

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2016-01-26 23:11:27.038 Test123[6502:707948] 2016-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
2016-01-26 23:11:27.038 Test123[6502:707948] 2016-01-31 00:00:00 +0000
2016-01-26 23:11:27.038 Test123[6502:707948] 2016-02-20 00:00:00 +0000
2016-01-26 23:11:27.039 Test123[6502:707948] 周五
2016-01-26 23:11:27.039 Test123[6502:707948] 6
2016-01-26 23:11:27.040 Test123[6502:707948] 25